India’s Indigenous Nuclear Submarine Program on Track for 2036 First Induction, Amid Delays in Third Leased Submarine

The Indian Navy is set for significant advancements in its submarine capabilities as plans for the indigenous development of nuclear attack submarines (SSNs) gain momentum. Recent statements from naval officials confirm that the design phase for these submarines will take approximately four to five years, followed by an additional five years for the construction of the first submarine. This timeline is informed by the experience gained from the program involving ballistic nuclear missile submarines (SSBNs).

Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi, the Navy chief, recently highlighted that while the first indigenous SSN is expected to be inducted around 2036-37, the subsequent vessel could follow in a couple of years thereafter. In total, the SSN program will span a significant period, incorporating advanced designs and specifications, particularly focused on speed and endurance which are crucial for submarines operating in the vast Indo-Pacific region.

India has previously leased two SSNs, INS Chakra 1 and 2, from Russia, and is currently awaiting the delivery of a third submarine. This vessel, however, has faced multiple delays primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the protracted finalization of its hull refurbishments. It is now anticipated to be delivered between late 2027 and early 2028.

The strategic necessity for SSNs has been underscored by recent developments, including a decision by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) to approve the indigenous construction of two SSNs at an estimated cost of around ₹35,000 crore. Additionally, the Indian Navy recently celebrated the launch of its fourth SSBN, referred to as S4*, at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam. Currently, the navy operates two SSBNs: INS Arihant, commissioned in August 2016, and the second, INS Arighaat, which was inducted into service in August 2023.

The ongoing development of these submarines is crucial as they enhance India’s maritime surveillance capabilities across the Indo-Pacific, ensuring a strategic edge and enabling diverse operational roles. The recently commissioned INS Arighaat successfully fired the K4 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) capable of hitting targets up to 3,500 kilometers away, further reinforcing the navy’s deterrence strategies.

The S4* is expected to be more advanced than its predecessors, featuring enhanced capabilities and a more sophisticated reactor system. This aligns with India’s long-standing objective to maintain a credible minimum deterrence posture, supported by a no-first-use nuclear policy established following its nuclear tests in 1998 and the formal declaration of its nuclear doctrine in 2003.

The comprehensive development of India’s nuclear triad was marked by the successful completion of INS Arihant’s first deterrence patrol, announced by the Prime Minister in November 2018. As the Indian Navy progresses with its strategic initiatives, the planned SSNs alongside the existing and upcoming SSBNs underscore the nation’s commitment to maintaining a formidable underwater defense and deterrent posture.